5 research outputs found
Causal Intersectionality and Dual Form of Gradient Descent for Multimodal Analysis: a Case Study on Hateful Memes
In the wake of the explosive growth of machine learning (ML) usage,
particularly within the context of emerging Large Language Models (LLMs),
comprehending the semantic significance rooted in their internal workings is
crucial. While causal analyses focus on defining semantics and its
quantification, the gradient-based approach is central to explainable AI (XAI),
tackling the interpretation of the black box. By synergizing these approaches,
the exploration of how a model's internal mechanisms illuminate its causal
effect has become integral for evidence-based decision-making. A parallel line
of research has revealed that intersectionality - the combinatory impact of
multiple demographics of an individual - can be structured in the form of an
Averaged Treatment Effect (ATE). Initially, this study illustrates that the
hateful memes detection problem can be formulated as an ATE, assisted by the
principles of intersectionality, and that a modality-wise summarization of
gradient-based attention attribution scores can delineate the distinct
behaviors of three Transformerbased models concerning ATE. Subsequently, we
show that the latest LLM LLaMA2 has the ability to disentangle the
intersectional nature of memes detection in an in-context learning setting,
with their mechanistic properties elucidated via meta-gradient, a secondary
form of gradient. In conclusion, this research contributes to the ongoing
dialogue surrounding XAI and the multifaceted nature of ML models
Calcium dynamics regulating the timing of decision-making in <i>C. elegans</i>
Brains regulate behavioral responses with distinct timings. Here we investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the timing of decision-making during olfactory navigation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that, based on subtle changes in odor concentrations, the animals appear to choose the appropriate migratory direction from multiple trials as a form of behavioral decision-making. Through optophysiological, mathematical and genetic analyses of neural activity under virtual odor gradients, we further find that odor concentration information is temporally integrated for a decision by a gradual increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), which occurs via L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in a pair of olfactory neurons. In contrast, for a reflex-like behavioral response, [Ca2+]i rapidly increases via multiple types of calcium channels in a pair of nociceptive neurons. Thus, the timing of neuronal responses is determined by cell type-dependent involvement of calcium channels, which may serve as a cellular basis for decision-making
DsTau: Study of tau neutrino production with 400 GeV protons from the CERN-SPS
In the DsTau experiment at the CERN SPS, an independent and direct way to
measure tau neutrino production following high energy proton interactions was
proposed. As the main source of tau neutrinos is a decay of Ds mesons, produced
in proton-nucleus interactions, the project aims at measuring a differential
cross section of this reaction. The experimental method is based on a use of
high resolution emulsion detectors for effective registration of events with
short lived particle decays. Here we present the motivation of the study,
details of the experimental technique, and the first results of the analysis of
the data collected during test runs, which prove feasibility of the full scale
study of the process in future
Data from: Calcium dynamics regulating the timing of decision-making in C. elegans
Brains regulate behavioral responses with distinct timings. Here we investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the timing of decision-making during olfactory navigation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that, based on subtle changes in odor concentrations, the animals appear to choose the appropriate migratory direction from multiple trials as a form of behavioral decision-making. Through optophysiological, mathematical and genetic analyses of neural activity under virtual odor gradients, we further find that odor concentration information is temporally integrated for a decision by a gradual increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), which occurs via L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in a pair of olfactory neurons. In contrast, for a reflex-like behavioral response, [Ca2+]i rapidly increases via multiple types of calcium channels in a pair of nociceptive neurons. Thus, the timing of neuronal responses is determined by cell type-dependent involvement of calcium channels, which may serve as a cellular basis for decision-making
The data of 100 worms during odor avoidance behavior.
The Excel sheets contains x and y positions (mm), the odor concentration at the position (micro-M) and the behavioral states (Run or Pirouette) of 100 animals during 121-720 s of the odor avoidance assay. This dataset was used in Figures 1 and 2